Improving the microbiological quality of the Ruhr River near Essen: comparing costs and effects for the reduction of Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci
After rain events in densely populated areas, combined sewer overflows (CSOs) can have severe health-related effects upon surface water quality, as well as diffuse overland runoff and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). All of these sources emit pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria into the surface water, which the EU Bathing Water Directive addresses by giving threshold values for the indicators
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