pesticide exposure Articles
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Current‐use pesticides in stream water and suspended particles following runoff: Exposure, effects, and mitigation requirements
The EU‐Directive for sustainable use of pesticides requires implementation of risk mitigation measures at streams which are threatened by pesticide entries. The need for mitigation measures was investigated at 10 stream sites within an intensively used arable region in central Germany by characterising pesticide exposure following edge‐of‐field runoff and effects on the aquatic ...
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Effects of inbreeding on mouthpart deformities of Chironomus riparius under sublethal pesticide exposure
Mouthpart deformities in chironomids have been reported to indicate adverse effects of environmental pollutants. The authors assessed rates of mouthpart deformities in tributyltin‐exposed, inbred, and outcrossed Chironomus riparius larvae over multiple generations. The authros found that the occurrence of mouthpart deformities was significantly correlated with inbreeding, whereas no correlation ...
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Response of biomarkers in amphibian larvae to in situ exposures in a fruit‐producing region in North Patagonia, Argentina
The authors evaluated biomarker responses in caged larvae of the amphibian Rhinella arenarum in water channels during fruit production season, and compared them with those elicited by a transient exposure to azinphos methyl (AzM) (0.02–2 mg/L; 4 h), the main pesticide applied in the Alto Valle region, Patagonia, Argentina, taking into account the maximum environmental concentration detected in ...
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Assessment of interactive effects of elevated salinity and three pesticides on life history and behavior of southern toad (Anaxyrus terrestris) tadpoles
Because habitats are increasingly exposed to multiple stressors simultaneously, assessing the interactive effects of stressors is crucial for understanding how populations respond to human‐altered habitats. Salinization of freshwater habitats is increasing and has the potential to interact with other stressors. Chemical pollutants also contribute to habitat degradation in freshwater ...
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Pesticides in urban streams and early life stages of pacific coho salmon
Pesticides are frequently detected in urban streams and are believed to be primarily the result of homeowner use. Although concentrations in most cases are low (<1 µg/L), there is concern that pesticide inputs threaten efforts to restore and enhance salmon habitat. The authors exposed early life stages of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to a pesticide mixture (“cocktail”) representative of ...
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Quantifying the effects of pesticide exposure on annual reproductive success of birds
The Markov chain nest productivity model (MCnest) was developed for quantifying the effects of specific pesticide‐use scenarios on the annual reproductive success of simulated populations of birds. Each nesting attempt is divided into a series of discrete phases (e.g., egg laying, incubation, nestling rearing), and results from avian toxicity tests are used to represent the types of effects ...
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Effects of pesticide exposure and the amphibian chytrid fungus on gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) metamorphosis
Pesticides are detectable in most aquatic habitats and have the potential to alter hostpathogen interactions. The amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been associated with amphibian declines around the world. However, Bd‐associated declines are more prominent in some areas, despite nearly global distribution of Bd, suggesting other factors contribute to disease ...
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Impact of imidacloprid on Daphnia magna under different food quality regimes
Aquatic ecosystems are characterized by fluctuating conditions that have direct effects on aquatic communities, but also indirect influences such as changing the toxicity of chemicals. Since the effect of food quality on pesticide toxicity has rarely been studied, in the current experiment Daphnia magna juveniles supplied with four different food quality levels were exposed to a range of ...
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The interactive effects of chytrid fungus, pesticides, and exposure timing on gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) larvae
Aquatic organisms are often exposed to a wide variety of perturbations in nature, including pathogens and chemical contaminants. Despite the co‐occurrence of these two stressors, few studies have examined the effects of chemical contaminants on host‐pathogen dynamics. We tested the individual and combined effects of two commonly used pesticides (Roundup® and Sevin®) and the pathogenic fungus ...
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Focal bird species and risk assessment approach for non‐agricultural grassland scenarios in Central Europe
The European Food Safety Authority guideline on risk assessment identifies pesticide exposure scenarios for non‐target wildlife, however this scheme is not applicable to non‐agricultural grassland. For example, different habitats and human utilisation on golf courses attract bird communities that differ from those found in agricultural fields with annual crop cycles. The present study ...
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Wings as a new route of exposure to pesticides in the honey bee
In pesticide risk assessment, the estimation of the routes and levels of exposure is critical. For honey bees, the toxicity of pesticides is assessed by thorax contact to account for all possible contact exposures of bees subjected to a pesticide spray. In this study, we tested 6 different active substances with different hydrophobicity, and for the first time, we demonstrated that it is ...
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Seasonal exposure of fish to neurotoxic pesticides in an intensive agricultural catchment, Uma‐oya, Sri Lanka: Linking contamination and acetylcholinesterase inhibition
The annual cultivation pattern in the Uma‐oya catchment in Sri Lanka is characterized by Yala and Maha rainfall periods and associated cropping. Two cultivation seasons were compared for pesticide residues: base flow, field drainage, and the runoff and supplementary sediment data for three sites in the catchment. Organophosphate and N‐methyl carbamate pesticide analysis confirmed a higher ...
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Enzymatic biomarkers as tools to assess environmental quality: A case study of exposure of the honey beeapis mellifera to insecticides
This work was intended to evaluate the responses of enzymes in the honey bee Apis mellifera upon exposure to deltamethrin, fipronil and spinosad and their use as biomarkers. After LD50 determination, honey bees were exposed at doses of 5.07 and 2.53 ng/bee for deltamethrin, 0.58 and 0.29 ng/bee for fipronil and 4.71 and 2.36 ng/bee for spinosad (equivalent to LD50/10 and LD50/20, ...
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Modelling the contribution of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic processes to the recovery of Gammarus pulex populations after exposure to pesticides
As aquatic macroinvertebrates may be regularly exposed to pesticides in edge of the field water bodies, an accurate assessment of potential adverse effects and subsequent population recovery is essential. Standard effect risk assessment tools are not able to fully address the complexities arising from multiple exposure patterns, nor can they properly address the population recovery process. In ...
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Growth and survival of pacific coho salmon smolts exposed as juveniles to pesticides within urban streams in western Washington
Pesticides are frequently detected in urban streams with concentrations often exceeding those reported in surface waters within agricultural areas. We studied growth, survival, and return rates of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts exposed to a pesticide mixture (“cocktail”) representative of that most frequently reported within urban streams in western Washington State, USA, in fall ...
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The developing world is awash in pesticides. Does it have to be?
Herbicides, insecticides and fungicides threaten the environment and human health in many parts of the world. But research is pointing to a better approach. In today’s globalized world, it is not inconceivable that one might drink coffee from Colombia in the morning, munch cashews from Vietnam for lunch and gobble grains from Ethiopia for dinner. That we can enjoy these products is thanks, ...
By Ensia
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Evaluating exposure and potential effects on honeybee brood (Apis mellifera) development using glyphosate as an example
This study aimed to develop an approach to evaluate potential effects of plant protection products on honeybee brood with colonies at realistic worst‐case exposure rates. The approach comprised two stages. In the first stage, honeybee colonies were exposed to a commercial formulation of glyphosate applied to flowering Phacelia tanacetifolia with glyphosate residues quantified in relevant ...
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Altered levels of endocrine biomarkers in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), following exposure to commercial herbicide and surfactant formulations
Agricultural pesticides that are known endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been detected in waters in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) catchment and lagoon. Altered transcription levels of liver vitellogenin (vtg) have been documented in wild populations of 2 GBR fisheries species, and were strongly associated with pesticide‐containing run‐off from sugarcane plantations. Here, we examine ...
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New tools and farmer training could revolutionize pesticide management in West Africa
Field schools that train farmers in alternative methods of pest control have succeeded in nearly eliminating the use of toxic pesticides by a community of cotton growers in Mali, according to a new FAO study published today by the London-based Royal Society. The study was conducted in two areas - the Bla region of southern Mali, where FAO established a field school program in 2003, and a second ...
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Plasma cholinesterase activity as a biomarker for quantifying exposure of green sturgeon to carbaryl following applications to control burrowing shrimp in Washington State
Willapa Bay (Washington State, USA) has been one of the rare intertidal locations where large‐scale pesticide applications occur. Until recently, carbaryl was applied to control burrowing shrimp that decrease commercial oyster productivity. The Bay is critical habitat for green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris), an anadromous species listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. ...
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