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Lethal and sublethal effects of three insecticides on two developmental stages of Xenopus laevis and comparison with other amphibians
Courtesy of John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
It has been suggested that Xenopus laevis is less sensitive to some chemicals than other amphibians and therefore, the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay‐Xenopus (FETAX) may have limited use in risk assessments for other amphibians. However, comparisons are mostly based on results of FETAX which emphasizes embryos. Larval X. laevis may be more sensitive to chemicals than embryos and may serve as a better life stage in risk assessments. The present study was conducted to determine the lethal and sublethal effects of three insecticides (malathion, endosulfan, and α‐cypermethrin) on X. laevis embryos and larvae, and to compare toxicity of X. laevis to other amphibians. All three insecticides have different modes of action, and they caused mortality, malformations, and growth inhibition in both developmental stages. Compared to embryos, larvae were more sensitive to endosulfan and α‐cypermethrin but not malathion. Xenopus laevis larvae had low sensitivity to endosulfan, median sensitivity to malathion, and high sensitivity to α‐cypermethrin/cypermethrin relative to other larval amphibians. Our results suggest that X. laevis larvae may generate more protective toxicity estimates in risk assessments than embryos. Xenopus laevis may have limited use in evaluating risk of organochlorine insecticides to other amphibians but may provide useful toxicity thresholds for pyrethroid and maybe organophosphorus insecticides. Environ Toxicol Chem © 2013 SETAC
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