Articles
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Environmental effects on oleic acid in soybean seed oil of plant introductions with elevated oleic concentration
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil with oleic acid (18:1) content >500 g kg–1 is desirable for a broader role in food and industrial uses. Seed oil in commercially grown soybean genotypes averages about 230 g kg–1 oleic acid. Some maturity group (MG) II to V plant introductions (PIs) have elevated oleic concentrations of 300 to 500 g kg–1. Temperature of the growing environment during the ...
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Sources of soybean rust resistance challenged with single-spored isolates of phakopsora pachyrhizi
Soybean rust, caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd., is a potentially devastating disease that can cause significant yield losses. Resistance in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm, both qualitative and quantitative, may be effective in providing at least partial control of soybean rust. A number of soybean genotypes have resistance to soybean rust, but few of these have been ...
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Zone tillage depth affects yield and economics of corn silage production
Increasing numbers of dairies in northeastern United States are classified as confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs). Many dairy farmers in New York (NY) abandoned conventional and adopted zone tillage (ZT) in 4-yr corn (Zea mays L.) silage-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) rotations on highly erodible land to comply with NY CAFO plans. Farmers now question optimum ZT depth because of increased ...
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Potential for delayed orchardgrass seeding during glyphosate-resistant alfalfa establishment
Few herbicides are labeled for weed control when establishing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-grass mixtures. Varying the planting date of the grass in relation to alfalfa and adjusting herbicide application timing could improve weed control and forage grass safety. The research objective was to evaluate the use of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] for weed control in seedling ...
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Living mulch forage yield and botanical composition in a corn-soybean-forage rotation
Managing forages as living mulches during row crop production requires suppressing the forages to produce economical crop yields. The objective of this research was to identify forage plants with varied growth habit, persistence, and yield potential to provide desirable ecosystem functions in a multifunctional cropping system. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.), ...
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Cover Crop and nitrogen effects on maize productivity in no-tillage systems of the Brazilian Cerrados
Cover crops in direct seeding mulch-based cropping (DMC) systems can be an effective tool to optimize N management for crop production in the Brazilian cerrados. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of four cover crops on maize (Zea mays L.) grain yields in two fields that had been under DMC for 3 and 14 yr. We hypothesized that cover crops would optimize N supply to the maize ...
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Soybean aphid population dynamics, soybean yield loss, and development of stage-specific economic injury levels
Stage-specific economic injury levels (EILs) form the basis of integrated pest management for soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Experimental objectives were to develop a procedure for calculating EILs of the soybean aphid specific to the R2 (full bloom), R4 (full pod), and R5 (beginning seed) soybean development stages using the law of the diminishing ...
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Zone tillage depth affects yield and economics of corn silage production
Increasing numbers of dairies in northeastern United States are classified as confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs). Many dairy farmers in New York (NY) abandoned conventional and adopted zone tillage (ZT) in 4-yr corn (Zea mays L.) silage-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) rotations on highly erodible land to comply with NY CAFO plans. Farmers now question optimum ZT depth because of increased ...
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Potential for delayed orchardgrass seeding during glyphosate-resistant alfalfa establishment
Few herbicides are labeled for weed control when establishing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-grass mixtures. Varying the planting date of the grass in relation to alfalfa and adjusting herbicide application timing could improve weed control and forage grass safety. The research objective was to evaluate the use of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] for weed control in seedling ...
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Preplant herbicides don`t increase forage production of cereal rye interseeded into bermudagrass
Interseeding cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) into a bermudagrass sod [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] can increase season-long forage production and land use efficiency. However, previous research has shown that competition from the bermudagrass sod can significantly reduce autumn forage production from cereal rye. Our objective was to determine if the application of a preplant herbicide to a ...
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Yields of alfalfa varieties with different fall-dormancy levels in a temperate environment
Fall dormancy (FD) is an important indicator of winter hardiness in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), but the relationship between FD and the yield potential of alfalfa varieties with contrasting FD classes has not been determined in the temperate regions with mild winters. This study was conducted with 42 varieties of eight FD classes (2–9) over four consecutive years to determine the relationship ...
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Evaluation of factors contributing to surface stability of sand-based turf
The stability of sand-based athletic fields is critical to maximizing playability and safety. The objective of this study was to assess the contributions of sand and plant factors to the surface stability of sports fields. In September 2000, Hallet mason sand (subround), Hallet concrete sand (subround, wide size range), Sidley Pro/Angle sand (angular), Bunker White sand (round), and a mixture of ...
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Integrating winter annual forages into a no-till corn silage system
The benefits of cover crops within crop rotations are well documented, but information is limited on using cover crops for forage within midwestern United States cropping systems, especially under no-tillage management. Our objective was to evaluate plant, animal, and soil responses when integrating winter cover crop forages into no-till corn (Zea mays L.) silage production. Three cover crop ...
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Evaluation of the efficiency of a phytostabilization process with biological indicators of soil health
Received for publication January 7, 2009. A phytostabilization process that combined the addition of a synthetic (Calcinit + urea + PK14% + calcium carbonate) or organic (cow slurry) amendment with Lolium perenne L. growth was used to remediate a mine soil moderately contaminated with Zn, Pb, and Cd. The reduced toxicity caused by both amendments allowed the establishment of a healthy L. perenne ...
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Mitigation options for sediment and phosphorus loss from winter-sown arable crops
Received for publication January 20, 2009. Sediment and P inputs to freshwaters from agriculture are a major problem in the United Kingdom (UK). This study investigated mitigation options for diffuse pollution losses from arable land. Field trials were undertaken at the hillslope scale over three winters at three UK sites with silt (Oxyaquic Hapludalf), sand (Udic Haplustept), and clay (Typic ...
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Comparison of weighting in two-stage analysis of plant breeding trials
Series of plant breeding trials are often unbalanced and have a complex genetic structure. To reduce computing cost, it is common practice to employ a two-stage approach, where adjusted means per location are estimated and then a mixed model analysis of these adjusted means is performed. An important question is how means from the first step should be weighted in the second step. Our objective ...
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Allelic variants at the Psy-A1 and Psy-B1 loci in durum wheat and their associations with grain yellowness
Phytoene synthase (PSY) genes are involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoid pigments in durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.], significantly influencing grain yellowness. This study was conducted to identify new allelic variants at the Psy-A1 and Psy-B1 loci in durum wheat, and to evaluate the applicability of functional markers developed from common wheat (Triticum ...
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When is early generation selection effective in self-pollinated crops?
Despite widespread use of early generation testing and selection (EGT) in breeding for self-pollinated crops, its effectiveness remains largely an unresolved issue. This issue is tackled here using elaborated genetic models that enable genetic and nongenetic effects to be assessed for the effectiveness of EGT in terms of (i) the selection response at one or more early generations relative to the ...
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Pollinator effects on genotypically distinct soybean cytoplasmic male sterile lines
Poor seed-set limits potential for soybean hybrid seed production. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of different pollinators on the rate of seed set in three soybean cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines, JLCMS9A, JLCMS82A, and JLCMS89A. The following five treatments were applied under net room isolation-conditions: (i) insecticide application and release of alfalfa leafcutter ...
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Ancestral landraces of common bean from the South of Europe and their agronomical value for breeding programs
Selection among breeding lines has been widely used to identify important cultivars and favorable alleles for adaptation, and resistance to abiotic and biotic stress. The objective of this work was to study the variability among common bean breeding lines selected from ancestral landraces, to evaluate the reaction of these lines to anthracnose (ANT) rust, common bacterial blight (CBB), halo ...
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