In this paper, a new method, namely Incremental Modified Fuzzy Extension Principle (IMFEP), is proposed for uncertainty assessment of conceptual water balance models. IMFEP is based on a new modification of fuzzy extension principle using fuzzy approximate. The most important feature of the IMFEP method lies in its realistic superposition of convex fuzzy membership functions of model inputs at different fuzzy α-cuts. To evaluate the IMFEP method, four other fuzzy-based approaches have been used to assess the uncertainties in simulating monthly water balance in basin scale and their results are compared with IMFEP. These approaches, one based on simple fuzzy mathematics, Vertex method, UNcertainty Estimation based on local Errors and Clustering (UNEEC) and Modified Fuzzy Extension Principle (MFEP) have been previously used for uncertainty estimation of water models. The nonlinear monthly water balance models calibrated for the two basins in Iran and France and their outputs with the five aforementioned methods have been compared. For both basins, IMFEP and MFEP methods have shown the best performance followed by UNEEC and Vertex methods (however, the differences in the underlying assumptions of the UNEEC method have to be taken into account). It can be concluded that the IMFEP method shows strong performance of uncertainty propagation in all evaluated fuzzy α-cuts.
Risk estimates can be calculated using crisp estimates of the exposure variables (i.e., contaminant concentration, contact rate, exposure frequency and duration, body weight, and averaging time). However, aggregate and cumulative exposure studies require a better understanding of exposure variables and uncertainty and variability associated with them. Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) studies use probability distributions for one or more variables of the risk equation in order to quantitatively characterize...
In background quantities, molds can be found everywhere-in air, water, our homes, our clothing and even on our pets. They are present in such small numbers that they don"t trigger reactions in humans, except in ultra-sensitive individuals.
But, when molds find the right combination of moisture, food and temperature, (and each species of mold needs a unique combination of food, moisture and temperature for optimum growth) they can propagate explosively. Removing any one of the three essentials will prevent their...
Biofilters, long used in Europe for odour control because of low maintenance, energy and operating costs have had a difficult time penetrating the US. The energy crisis and the cry for sustainable technologies have created interest in pollution control devices that reduce emissions and are energy efficient. This paper will discuss technical performance, design factors and economics of a biofiltration system with a smaller “footprint” that is less susceptible to upsets caused by alterations in VOC concentrations...
ABSTRACTBio·Reaction Industries LLC. (BRI) has completed a two-phase project for the design, testing and installation of a biofiltration unit to degrade volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethyl benzene, hexanes, MEK, MIBK, acetone and certain alcohols to reduce emissions from a paint manufacturing facility in Eugene, Oregon. The initial biofilter installed was a modular design with a maximum airflow capacity of 5,000 cubic feet per minute (cfm) and 10-ft x 14-ft x 16-feet...
Air dispersion modeling has been evolving since before the 1930s. Over the last 15-25 years, strict environmental regulations and the availability of personal computers have fueled an immense growth in the use of mathematical models to predict the dispersion of air pollution plumes. Beychok`s recently published book, `Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion`, details the evolution of the widely used Gaussian air dispersion models and their inherent assumptions and constraints.
Unfortunately, many users of such...
Information presented for SVOCs may also be appropriate for many of the contaminants presented in this subsection.
The term `explosive waste` commonly is used to refer to propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics (PEP), which technically fall into the more general category of energetic materials. These materials are susceptible to initiation, or self-sustained energy release, when present in sufficient quantities and exposed to stimuli such as heat, shock, friction, chemical incompatibility, or electrostatic...
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