Livestock Articles
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The mineralization of nitrogen from compost in the tropics
The application of organic matter is very important in maintaining high and stable crop yields under tropical conditions. Most of tropical soils are characterised by low content of organic matter and low structure stability. Animal wastes contain many nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and other minerals. In addition to supplying nutrients, the application of animal wastes also ...
By ORBIT e.V.
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The influence of biowaste and garden waste composts on diseases caused by pythium ultimum and rhizoctonia Solani related to the antagonists trichoderma hamatum and flavobacterium balustinum
Soilborne plant pathogens can cause serious losses on both agricultural and horticultural crops. Examples include damping-off diseases caused by Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia spp., Pythium and Phytophthora root rots, Rhizoctonia crown rot, Fusarium and Verticillium wilts, nematode and even bacterial diseases. Until the fifties, the principal methods to control soilborne diseases were through the ...
By ORBIT e.V.
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Perspectives on organic waste recovery relative to composting and anaerobic digestion
Generally speaking, organic waste renders its self suitable for recovery purposes owing to the nutrient elements it contains and the energy stored in the biochemical bonds of its constituent organic compounds. Both composting and anaerobic digestion (AD) have been used since a long time ago in reclaiming organic material. It seems that the first modern composting process was developed in 1920s ...
By ORBIT e.V.
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Investigations into the possibility to compost paraffincoated packaging materials
Utilisation of biodegradable materials is indispensable for effective economic operation (Soyez, 1998). However, the requirements to be met by the application characteristics sometimes prevent use of such materials. For example, packaging materials for foodstuffs, where protection of the contents is the predominant aim, are required to display hydrophobic properties. Paraffin-coated papers have ...
By ORBIT e.V.
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The use of sewage sludge compost for improving reedbeds performance
In a wastewater of medium strength, about 75 % of the suspended solids and 40 % of the filterable solids are organic in nature. The parameter used for measuring the strength and the quantity of the organic substances in the wastewater is the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (Aggelakis and Tchobanoglous, 1995; Tchobanoglous and Burton, 1991). Degradable organic matter in wastewater, whether soluble ...
By ORBIT e.V.
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Compost maturity as expressed by phytotoxicity and Volatile organic acids
VOA in Composts Maturity is a qualitative trait of compost that may be expressed in a number of ways and is generally held to be relevant to plant performance. Volatile organic acids (VOA) have been cited to be responsible for phytotoxicity (plant growth suppression) when immature compost is used for growing plants (Manios et al., 1989). However, the production of VOA in compost has not been ...
By ORBIT e.V.
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Perspectives on organic waste recovery relative to composting and anaerobic digestion
Generally speaking, organic waste renders its self suitable for recovery purposes owing to the nutrient elements it contains and the energy stored in the biochemical bonds of its constituent organic compounds. Both composting and anaerobic digestion (AD) have been used since a long time ago in reclaiming organic material. It seems that the first modern composting process was developed in 1920s ...
By ORBIT e.V.
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Quality of compost: the experience of veneto region
The Regional Administration of Veneto Region (Italy) established in 1991 the rules for authorisation of composting plants for treatment of pre-selected organic wastes, including urban sludges, organic fraction of municipal solid wastes and animal manure. Also chemical composition of compost were regulated (Table 1). Some composting plants started working in 1994; at the moment seven farms are ...
By ORBIT e.V.
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Effects of biowaste compost amendment on soil microbial biomass and specific carbon turnover in agricultural soils
The importance of biowaste compost as organic fertilisers has become more emergent in the last years due to the increased production of compost produced from biowaste. The utilisation of organic fertilisers in agriculture improves the physical, chemical and microbial properties of soils (Allievi et al., 1993; Senesi, 1989). Amendment of compost affects several soil properties positively like e.g. ...
By ORBIT e.V.
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Formation and emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases from stored and composted solid animal manure
Beside other branches of industry, agriculture is an important source of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and the most important source of ammonia (NH3). In spite of several investigations concerning ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions during storage and composting of liquid and solid animal manure, the real extent of these emissions is still unknown. This is mainly because of the ...
By ORBIT e.V.
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Composting cotton industry by-products. Evaluation of Use of cotton solid wastes compost as a substrate.
The textile industry at region of Entre Douro e Minho is located at Ave valley and is responsible for a great amount of cotton solid wastes. Currently these wastes, which are characterised by a high C/N ratio and some salinity, are directly applied to soil by farmers without any previous treatment (Zucconi et al, 1981). Extraction of peat causes environmental damage (Smith, 1992) which leads to ...
By ORBIT e.V.
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Low-cost composting of fruit processing wastes in Hungary
Aim of the project The research described in this paper was undertaken in order to assess the economic and environmental viability of composting fruit juice wastes from the RAUCH Hungaria Kft. fruit processing plant in Budapest, Hungary. Hungary is a rapidly emerging economy in middle Europe, currently with a 4.6% growth rate according to the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH, 1999). ...
By ORBIT e.V.
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Influence of temperature during the initial phase of Composting on biological activity and emission of Ammonia and dinitrogen oxide
Composting is a robust and cheap biological treatment method useful for all solid biodegradable waste. The performance of composting can vary substantially depending on managing conditions such as oxygen supply and compost temperature. Oxygen and temperature affects the rate of degradation and may also influence emission of NH3 and N2O. The gaseous N losses during composting from organic ...
By ORBIT e.V.
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Impact of Agri-environment measures
The application of agri-environment contracts concerning 1 farmer in every 7 and delivering environmental services over 20% of European farmland, marks a very significant step towards sustainability. The target set in the 5th Environmental Action Programme of 15% coverage by 2000 has thus already been exceeded. The requirement on Member States to apply the regulation throughout their territories ...
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Possibilities for Future EC Environmental Policy on Plant Protection Products
Abstract This report presents the results of a study to examine and evaluate the economic, environmental and social benefits of plant protection products (PPPs) in agriculture with the main emphasis on the economic aspects. The approach followed was to carry out four case studies - each covering a single crop in a specific region of major production-comparing standard, integrated and organic ...
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Meat Processing and Rendering Industry - Pollution Prevention Guidelines
Introduction Pollution Prevention Guidelines to provide technical advice and guidance to staff and consultants involved in pollution-related projects. The guidelines represent state-of-the-art thinking on how to reduce pollution emissions from the production process. In many cases, the guidelines provide numerical targets for reducing pollution, as well as maximum emissions ...
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Vegetable Oil Processing Industry - Pollution Prevention Guidelines
Introduction Pollution Prevention Guidelines to provide technical advice and guidance to staff and consultants involved in pollution-related projects. The guidelines represent state-of-the-art thinking on how to reduce pollution emissions from the production process. In many cases, the guidelines provide numerical targets for reducing pollution, as well as maximum emissions ...
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Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry - Pollution Prevention Guidelines
Introduction Pollution Prevention Guidelines to provide technical advice and guidance to staff and consultants involved in pollution-related projects. The guidelines represent state-of-the-art thinking on how to reduce pollution emissions from the production process. In many cases, the guidelines provide numerical targets for reducing pollution, as well as maximum emissions ...
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Pesticides in the European Union
There has been a sharply falling trend in the total volume of sales of agricultural pesticides in the EU between 1991 and 1995. But this was reversed in 1996. From 1991-1995, EU sales of pesticides, measured by weight of active ingredients (ai), fell by 13%. They then rose by 6% between 1995 and 1996 to stand at 299,826 tonnes ai. But this still put them nearly 8% below the 1991 figure. The use ...
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Capillary GC Analyses of Triazine Pesticides in Dry Pet Food
Based on federal and state regulations for identifying and quantifying low levels of pesticides in food and environmental samples, we selected three capillary columns to screen for triazine pesticides. A nonpolar and two low/intermediate polar phases were chosen to evaluate differences in component elution order and retention times. Low level screening analyses were performed effectively by using ...
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