Pesticide Hazard
Each pesticide name below will take you to chemical information pages with links to factsheets, basic chemical, alternatives, health and environmental effects, regulatory status, key studies and more. See also Beyond Pesticides' pest management resources,health effects and other factsheets, and activist tools.
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Beyond Pesticides created a database tool intended...
Beyond Pesticides created a database tool intended to provide decision and policy makers, practitioners, and activists with easier access to current and historical information on pesticide hazards and safe pest management, drawing on and linking to numerous sources and organizations that include information related to pesticide science, policy and activism.
The toxicological and environmental information presented in the Gateway for each chemical is sourced from a wide variety of U.S. and international resources and databases including information from U.S. regulatory documents, the National Institutes of Health, National Toxicology Program, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), California's Proposition 65, University Extension Services, the European Union and others, including independent peer-reviewed scientific studies.
How to use the Gateway
Currently, the Gateway provides toxicity and regulatory information for pesticides with the following:
Product Name: Provides a sampling of the trade or brand names of the products containing the chemical ingredient.
Chemical class: Chemical class as given by U.S. EPA or other source.
Uses: U.S. EPA registered uses in the U.S.
Alternatives: Least-toxic alternative method of pest management.
Beyond Pesticide Rating:
- A chemical is rated “toxic” if the chemical is linked to one or more adverse human or environmental effect; and/or if there is sufficient information to support a “toxic” designation.
- A chemical is rated as “least-toxic” if there are no associated effects in any category; and/or if there is sufficient information to support a “least-toxic” designation.
Health and Environmental effects:
- Cancer: U.S. EPA cancer categorization (For example, 'carcinogenic to humans, likely to be carcinogenic to humans, suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential, inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential, or not likely to be carcinogenic to humans'); or other cited source.
- “Yes:” If there is a documented association with a human or environmental adverse effect.
- “Not documented:” if there is no association with a human or environmental adverse effect; or if there is currently no data/study available to make a determination. Note: This does not necessarily mean the chemical is not associated with an adverse effect, but that there are data gaps.
What Is a Pesticide?
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the government body that regulates pesticides in the U.S., a pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest. Though often misunderstood to refer only to insecticides, the term pesticide also applies to herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances used to control pests. Pesticides also include plant regulators, defoliants and desiccants.
What's in a Pesticide Product?
We normally think of a pesticide as the product that can be purchased in the store – the insecticide, the weed killer or the fungicide. But, unfortunately, there is much more to it than that. The product that you buy or are exposed to is actually a pesticide formulation that contains a number of different materials, including active and inert ingredients, as well as contaminants and impurities. In addition, pesticides, when subject to various environmental conditions, break down to other materials known as metabolites, which are sometimes more toxic than the parent material.
Active Ingredients
The active ingredient, usually the only component of the formulation listed on the pesticide label, is by nature biologically and chemically active against a target pest, be it an insect, weed or fungus. By definition these chemicals kill living things.
Contaminants and Impurities
Contaminants and impurities are often a part of the pesticide product and responsible for product hazards. Dioxin and DDT have been identified as contaminants, which have not been purposefully added but are a function of the production process.
Metabolites
Metabolites are breakdown products that form when a pesticide is used in the environment and mixes with air, water, soil or living organisms. Often the metabolite is more hazardous than the parent pesticide.
Inert Ingredients
If you were to go to your local hardware store and take a look at the label on a can of ant and roach killer, the contents might read something like this, “5% Permethrin, 95% Inert Ingredients.” After reading the label, you may wonder what makes up the other 95%. The fact is, the manufacturer doesn’t have to tell you. Currently, under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), pesticide manufacturers are only required to list the active ingredients in a pesticide, leaving consumers and applicators unaware of the possible toxics present in the inert ingredients of pesticide products they are using, unless the EPA administrator determines that the chemical poses a public health threat. Pesticide manufacturers argue they cannot release information on inert ingredients because they are trade secrets, and if released, their products could be duplicated. Quite often inert ingredients constitute over 95% of the pesticide product. Inert ingredients are mixed into pesticides products as a carrier or sticking agent, and are often as toxic as the active ingredient.
The Hazards of Inert Ingredients
Despite their name, these ingredients are neither chemically, biologically or toxicologically inert. In general, inert ingredients are minimally tested, however, many are known to state, federal and international agencies to be hazardous to human health. For example, the U.S. government lists creosols as a “Hazardous Waste” under Superfund regulations, yet allows these chemicals to be listed as inert ingredients in pesticide products. Creosols are known to produce skin and eye irritations, burns, inflammation, blindness, pneumonia, pancreatitis, central nervous system depression and kidney failure.
Some inert ingredients are even more toxic than the active ingredients. One of the most hazardous ingredients in the commonly used herbicide RoundUp is a surfactant, which is classified as an inert, and therefore not listed on the label. The pesticide naphthalene is an inert ingredient in some products and listed as an active ingredient in others. According a 2000 report produced by the New York State Attorney General, The Secret Ingredients in Pesticides: Reducing the Risk, 72 percent of pesticide products available to consumers contain over 95 percent inert ingredients; fewer than 10 percent of pesticide products list any inert ingredients on their labels; more than 200 chemicals used as inert ingredients are hazardous pollutants in federal environmental statutes governing air and water quality; and, of a 1995 list of inert ingredients, 394 chemicals were listed as active ingredients in other pesticide products.
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