LI-6400XT Portable Photosynthesis System Brochure

LI-6400XT SystemPhotosynthesis, Fluorescence, RespirationLI-6400XT - The Innovation Continues1 LI-6400XT SystemThe LI-6400XT is LI-COR’s newest pho-tosynthesis system, which embodiesall of the qualities that made the earliergenerations a success: portability,ruggedness, flexibility, and a high levelof hardware and software integration.These early generations of photosyn-thesis systems include the LI-6000, released by LI-COR more than 25 yearsago. The LI-6200 followed three yearslater, incorporating LI-COR’s own gasanalyzer design. The LI-6400 was nextin line, and quickly became the worldleader in portable photosynthesismeasurement systems. But you don’t have to take our word for it – review the literature to see why the LI-6400/LI-6400XT is the mostreferenced photosynthesis system inscientific publications, talk to other scientists who have used one, or talk toone of our knowledgeable ApplicationScientists to see for yourself why the LI-6400XT is the undisputed marketleader.Read further to learn some of the rea-sons the LI-6400XT is the choice of scientists around the world, including:¦ Proven technology that places thegas analyzers in the sensor head, to provide rapid response and eliminate time delays.¦ An open system design that allowscomplete control over environmen-tal variables of interest.¦ A flexible, open source software language in the LI-6400XT consolethat can be modified to write yourown equations or AutoPrograms,providing an unprecedented level of automation.¦ Powerful networking capability viaEthernet connectivity, providing aworld of data output, file-sharing,and training possibilities.¦ A variety of leaf chambers and lightsources, a leaf chamber fluorometer,and soil CO2 flux chamber that areinterchangeable with the same LI-6400XT sensor head.¦ Worldwide service, support, andtraining that ensures your purchaseof the LI-6400XT remains a smart investment for years to come.PhotosynthesisFluorescenceRespirationAnalyzers in the Sensor HeadThe LI-6400XT has two absolute CO2 and twoabsolute H2O non-dispersive infrared analyzersin the sensor head. Mounting the analyzers inthe sensor head provides a number of advantagesover systems which place the analyzers in theconsole:1. Changes in the leaf dynamics are measured inreal time. Because there is no tubing betweenthe leaf chamber and the console, there are notime delays confounding effects of changes inenvironmental driving variables such as light,CO2 mole fraction, etc.2. CO2 and H2O concentrations are controlledat the leaf suface, because the fast responseIRGAs are built into the mixing volume ofthe leaf curvette. This is important because,for example, it allows you to easily make photosynthesis comparisons across treatmentswith widely differing rates, at a constant CO2concentration, thus avoiding biases in yourconclusions.3. CO2 and H2O concentrations are continu-ously measured at both reference and samplecells, eliminating flow swapping, which pro-vides fast response times, minimizes noise anddrift, and gives more accurate photosynthesismeasurements.4. Rapid, automatic control of chamber humid-ity is possible, even when the transpirationrate is changing.5. Absence of tubing between the chamber andthe analyzers eliminates equilibration timesdue to water vapor sorption on the tubingwalls.Analyzer OperationInfrared radiation from thesample analyzer source passesinto the leaf chamber mixingvolume and is twice reflected90° by gold mirrors. The mir-rors are gold plated to enhance IR reflection and provide long-term stability.After being reflected through the leaf chambermixing volume where IR absorption occurs, in-frared radiation passes through a chopping filterwheel and into the sample analyzer detector.The chopping filter wheel has four filters thatpass light in absorption and optical referencewavelengths for CO2 and H2O. These filtersprovide excellent rejection of IR radiation out-side the wavelengths of interest, eliminating theeffects of other IR absorbing gases.The reference analyzer measures incoming gasconcentrations and is located directly below thesample analyzer. The sample and reference ana-lyzers can be matched at any time, either manu-ally or automatically, without altering conditionsin the leaf chamber.The sample analyzer detector, reference analyzerdetector, and chopping filter wheel are sealed ina housing that is continuously purged of CO2and water vapor to prevent interference.Through years of experience, the LI-6400XT analyzer and sensor head have proven to be robust and reliable, even in the most rigorous -field conditions.2Proven TechnologyExpanded information on the LI-6400XT System is found at www.licor.com/6400XTLI-6400XT ConsoleThe LI-6400XT system console combines a data acquisition sys-tem with a high-speed computerfor dedicated data logging andcomputations. High speed analog-to-digital converters support fastresponse applications.The backlit 8 x 40-character graphical display allows any 12 experimental variables to bedisplayed at once. All computedvariables are calculated and displayed in real time. The full keyboard is membrane sealedand designed to be used underharsh field conditions.CO2 & H20 Reference Optical PathMixing FanChopper housing with sample (upper)and reference (lower) detectors+CHCONSTECHROMELCONSTEOMEGA++Mixing VolumeThermocoupleAssemblyLeaf ChamberCO2 & H20 Sample Optical PathPowering the LI-6400XTThe LI-6400XT system is poweredby 12VDC batteries stored in the console. Four batteries and a battery charger are included withthe system, providing 4-8 hours of operation. The optional 6400-70AC Adapter fits in one of the battery compartments.The LI-6400XT open system designallows automatic, independent controlof leaf chamber CO2, H2O, tempera-ture, and light.CO2 Control (optional)The 6400-01 CO2 Injector Systemconsists of an electronic controller, a CO2 Source Assembly that uses readily-available cartridges for portableoperation, and a CO2 tank fitting forgreenhouse or laboratory operation.All parts integrate directly into thestandard console with no external batteries or control modules.The CO2 Injector System provides a constant CO2 input from 50 to2000 µmol mol-1. CO2 is controlledby delivering a precisely controlledpure CO2 stream into air that is CO2-free. The CO2 concentration canbe controlled at the incoming airstream or at the leaf surface to within1 ppm of a target value.The 6400-01 facilitates measurementsat elevated CO2 concentrations andeasy generation of CO2 responsecurves. The CO2 injector is under complete software control, allowingyou to manually set CO2 levels fromthe console, or use AutoPrograms to make meas-urements at a series of concentrations.12g cartridges provide up to 8 hours of opera-tion. The cartridges are accessible outside the instrument, making them easy to change.H2O ControlThe LI-6400XT controls chamber humidity by automatically varying the flow rate to null-balance at the chamber humidity level youspecify in software; the input flow rate can alsobe held constant. Flow rate is controlled bypump speed in the standard system. With the6400-01 CO2 Injector System, pump speed is constant and flow rate to the chamber is controlled by redirecting excess flow. This“shunt regulation” allows flow to be controlledsmoothly and quickly across a broad range.Whether the controller in the 6400-01 is used or not, air supplied to the chamber may be dryor moist. Supplying the chamber with moist airallows higher flow rates to be used to balance low transpiration rates, which provides more stable control and more accurate measurements.Inaccuracies and time delays due to water sorp-tion on the air lines between the console and the sensor head are eliminated by measuring thereference and sample water vapor concentrationsin the sensor head.3 LI-6400XT SystemControlling the EnvironmentLI-6400XT Console With6400-01 CO2 Injector System4Expanded information on the LI-6400XT System is found at www.licor.com/6400XTTemperature ControlIntegrated Peltier coolers control temperaturebased on either leaf temperature or chamberblock temperature (software selectable). Chamber block temperature can be set to anyvalue within ± 6 °C of ambient temperature.Temperature control is a standard feature of theLI-6400XT; no bulky external power supplies or accessories are required. An optional Ex-panded Temperature Control Kit is available(p/n 6400-88) that can increase the range oftemperature control of the sensor head block.Light ControlThe 6400-02B LED Light Source, 6400-18RGB (Red, Green, Blue) Light Source, and6400-40 Leaf Chamber Fluorometer (all op-tional accessories) are integrated with the hard-ware and software of the LI-6400XT System.The use of LEDs makes them practical lightsources because of their small size and low powerconsumption. LEDs also minimize the influenceof the light source on the leaf temperature andare easily computer controlled.Light Source and Fluorometer light output iscontinuously variable over the entire measure-ment range, so you can specify any light levelwithout needing to make adjustments or changefilters. Light curves can be generated automati-cally using AutoPrograms and user-selectablelight set points.The Light Sources are easily installed in the field.Careful placement of the LEDs also ensures uni-form light distribution at the leaf surface.Accuracy during operation is assured by a feed-back photodiode that adjusts the light source tomaintain the target value.The 6400-02B Red/Blue LED Light Source.6400-88 Water JacketThe 6400-18 RGB Light Source.The 6400-18 RGB Light Source is designed to be used with the6400-17 Whole Plant Arabidopsis Chamber; the package isavailable under part number 6400-17L.6400-186400-17The 6400-40 Leaf Chamber Fluorometer.Using the 6400-18, you can choose from a variety of colors, ordefine your own custom blended color.5 LI-6400XT SystemData Output and NetworkingEthernet connectivityEthernet connectivity is a powerful tool for performing various networking operations, including:1. Dragging and dropping files between instruments, computers, or networked printers.2. Configuring multiple LI-6400XTs in the same way by moving configuration files.3. Connecting multiple clients simultaneously to a single LI-6400XT.4. Controlling the instrument remotely.5. Displaying a simulated keyboard so training participants can “see” the keys being pressed on theclient keyboard.6. Opening chat windows between connected clients so that a technician, for example, can be usingthe LI-6400XT while a supervisor watches from a remote location.When you’re ready to output yourdata, the LI-6400XT provides a va-riety of output options to suit yourparticular needs. Use the standard9-pin RS-232 port on the console toconnect to your computer and out-put real-time or logged data. Ifyou’re away from your computer,simply log your data to the re-moveable Compact Flash card, andtransfer the files without movingthe instrument. Compact Flashcards also make it easy to transferfiles to other LI-6400XTs. To skip the file transfer processcompletely and open data files directly on the computer, your instrument can be connected to anexisting Local Area Network (LAN),making the LI-6400XT a powerfulnetworkable device. No specialconfiguration is needed; plug theEthernet adapter card into the expansion slot on the back of theinstrument case, plug the otherend into your computer or LAN,and you’re ready to share filesacross your network.After connection, the display will show exactlywhat’s on the instru-ment’s display. The buttons around the simulated display behavethe same as those on the instrument.7. Connecting to file transfer applications for direct uploading or downloading of files.8. Using command line operations to perform automatic daily backups of the data on your LI-6400XT, or synchronize folders on the instrument and your computer.The LI-6400XT supports a wide variety of networking protocols for Windows, Macintosh, Linux, andUnix networks, including Secure Shell (SSH), SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), Samba, and ZeroConfiguration Networking.6Expanded information on the LI-6400XT System is found at www.licor.com/6400XTWhen we change the leaf area of thefirst observation, the computednumbers change automatically.Bar Code Reader SupportWhen making high volume surveytype measurements, the RS-232 portcan be used to enter remarks andconstants from devices such as barcode readers. When prompted for aremark or constant (e.g. leaf area),simply point the bar code readerand press its button to enter thecoded data into the LI-6400XT file.Create Excel Files with Embedded EquationsFor the ultimate in data processing simplicity, your LI-6400XT data files can be generated in native Excelformat with equations embedded, in parallel with the files created by the LI-6400XT. This allows you toeasily recompute files should you need to make a change to leaf area, boundary layer, or other inputs. OPEN 6.0Tue Feb 10 2009 09:49:28Unit= PSC-1529ComputeList= /User/Configs/Comps/DefaultBLCTable= /Sys/Lib/StdBLCTableLightSource= 6400-02B 1 0.25LogFormat= /User/Configs/LogFormats/Std Output surveyLogCodes= -35 -21 -36 -107PromptList= /User/Configs/Prompts/surveyStability= (CO2S 15s SLP<1)(H2OS 15s SLP<1)(Flow 15s SLP<1)9:49:30$STARTOFDATA$Obs HHMMSS FTime Remarks Photo Cond Ci1 9:55:41 375 Pot1 Row1 7.98 0.0474 112 9:59:43 617 Pot2 Row1 7.68 0.0449 1073 10:02:07 761 Pot3 Row1 8.06 0.0397 55.94 10:03:50 864 Pot4 Row1 8.24 0.0372 25.75 10:06:41 1035 Pot5 Row1 8.09 0.0768 2106 10:08:56 16915 Pot6 Row1 6.73 0.0291 137 10:11:49 1343 Pot1 Row2 7.5 0.0316 1.638 10:15:10 1544 Pot2 Row2 7.06 0.0361 67.77 LI-6400XT SystemSimulator SoftwareThe included Simulator software allows you to completely simulate your LI-6400XT on your computer screen. This is a convenient way to write and test your own equations or AutoPrograms,train yourself or others, and manage your data.Remote Control Capability - Great for TeachingLI6400XTerm software is also included, which is designed to be used as a terminal program to re-motely control the LI-6400XT and display real-time data on your computer, while the LI-6400XTcontinues to function normally. This can be an invaluable tool for teaching others how to use the LI-6400XT in classroom or seminar presentations; simply implement the terminal program, connectyour computer to a projector, and demonstrate to a roomful of students how the LI-6400XT works.Flexible SoftwareOPEN InstrumentSoftwareThe software application used bythe LI-6400XT to make measure-ments is called OPEN, due to thesource code transparency that allows it to be modified accordingto each user’s unique needs. Programs and data are stored insimple ASCII format, allowing theon-board editor or other externalword processors to open existingcomputation lists, for example,modify them, and save under anew name. Novice users can usethe simple software defaults tomake measurements using pre-defined AutoPrograms; more experienced users may choose tomodify the software using the in-cluded Programming Guide to un-lock the potential of the opensource application.OPEN uses the console display toshow any of the experimental vari-able in text or graphical modes.This allows you to examine the approach to steady state for any of the variables of interest with as many as 3 plots per graph set. A variety of built-in AutoProgramsallow you to choose setpoints fordesired chamber environmentalconditions. After the system stabilizes, data are logged, and the cycle repeats for the next setpoint. All other environmental controls maintain their setpoints,providing stable conditions foryour experiment. AutoProgramscan be modified, stored, or cre-ated using your own combinationof setpoints and desired environ-mental conditions.are displayed in this grid, whichis updated in real time.Items from this list...Using LI6400XTerm, you can:A. Connect to yourLI-6400XT via Ethernetor RS-232 to show whatis on the instrument display.B. Display a simulated keyboardso class participants can see whatkeys are being pressed.C. Display all available functionkeys as active buttons.D. Display a variables monitor window,where you can view any variable, withoutit having to be on the instrument’s display.8Expanded information on the LI-6400XT System is found at www.licor.com/6400XTKnowledgeable Support StaffAt LI-COR you will find a group of knowledgeable Applications Scientists available to help answerquestions and guide you as you use the LI-6400XT. Using the Ethernet connectivity built into the LI-6400XT, you can even grant LI-COR Scientists access to your instrument, allowing them to reviewdata and diagnose problems worldwide. LI-COR also offers a comprehensive support web site whereyou can find quick and helpful information including application notes, technical tips, installation instructions, free software downloads, and online instruction manuals.International SupportLI-COR employs a global network of more than 20 international distributors who provide sales andsupport to our international customers. In addition, LI-COR has subsidiaries in Germany and theUnited Kingdom. LI-COR GmbH in Bad Homburg, Germany, provides repair and recalibration services to customers throughout Europe.Free Software UpgradesLI-COR is continually adding software features to support new leaf chambers and add functionality toyour system to help you get the most out of your investment. Software upgrades are always free, for thelife of your LI-6400XT.Training CoursesLI-COR is committed to providing the best support available to you, so that the LI-6400XT remains an excellent investmentfor years to come. Every LI-6400XT purchaseincludes a free two-day training course at LI-COR’s facility. A third day of training,dedicated to fluorescence measurements, isavailable for a fee. Trainees will learn how touse the LI-6400XT terminal programs, sothey can train others when they return home.Or, if you prefer to learn at your own pace, orsimply need a refresher course, LI-COR offersvideo-based training CDs (6400-512) thatcontain much of the same material presentedat our training courses.“LI-COR staff were very professional and took pride in making sure we understoodthe material. Their hospitality is top-notch. There’s a reason for your success.”–Paul Jackson, USDA Forest ServicePhotosynthesis Educational ResourcePackageThe Photosynthesis EducationalResource Package is designed tohelp educators incorporate the LI-6400XT Portable PhotosynthesisSystem into the classroom. This package is part of theLearn@LICOR initiative, an effortto provide educators with thetools needed for training studentsin theory, practical applications,and instrumentation. LI-COR sci-entists have collaborated with Dr. Jed Sparks, Associate Profes-sor of Ecology and EvolutionaryBiology at Cornell University todesign a series of lecture topicsand experiments that feature the LI-6400/6400XT. The resourcepackage consists of a CD and twoDVDs with lecture notes, Power-points, and laboratory activitiesdesigned around the LI-6400XT.The modules include photosyn-thesis, leaf respiration, light response, temperature response,CO2 response, soil respiration, leafchlorophyll fluorescence, andother topics. For more informationgo to: www.licor.com/env/PDF/6400-520.pdf.Training, Support, and Educational Resources9 LI-6400XT SystemLeaf Chambers and AccessoriesA variety of interchangeable leafchambers are available for use withthe LI-6400XT. Each chamber is de-signed for simple operation. Internalsurfaces are coated to minimizewater sorption, and external sur-faces minimize radiation absorp-tance and maximize emissivity.Replaceable gaskets are nearly impermeable to CO2 and watervapor, and seal tightly.Leaf temperatures are measured directly using a thermocouple, orestimated using energy balance in the 6400-05 Conifer, 6400-07 Needle, and 6400-15 ExtendedReach 1 cm Chambers.A bracket is provided on the LI-6400XT sensor head, or on thechamber itself, to hold a LI-CORQuantum Sensor for measuring ambient photosynthetically activeradiation (PAR). Other chambersmeasure PAR in the chamber usinga small GaAsP sensor.Standard 2 × 3 cm ChamberConiferous PlantsSpecialized ApplicationsBroadleaf PlantsThe standard leaf chamber included with the LI-6400XT is suitable for a variety of deciduous leaf sizes,has a 2 x 3 cm clear top, and an opaque bottom.6400-05 Conifer ChamberFeatures a 7.5 cm diameter that accommodates short-needled conifers withneedles up to 3.5 cm long. The 6400-05 replaces the typical upper andlower leaf chambers, and mounts directly to the sample cell of the CO2and H2O IRGAs. The Conifer Chamber is constructed of acrylic for durability and lined with teflon to minimize water sorption.6400-07 Needle ChamberFor measuring long-needled conifers, specially designed foam pads hold upto 5 needles in the 2 x 6 cm chamber. The 6400-07 allows each needle tobe pressed into place in the chamber, where it is held securely in the chan-nels of the foam mounting pad. The 6400-07 top and bottom have clearwindows for excellent light transmittance. A quantum sensor in the cham-ber provides light measurement at the plane of the needles.6400-08 Clear Chamber BottomIlluminating the bottom of a leaf is useful for survey measurements anderect foliage. The Clear Chamber Bottom has a Propafilm® window similar to the standard chamber top. The Clear Chamber Bottom is designed to be used with any 2 x 3 cm chamber top.6400-11 Narrow Leaf ChamberIdeal for foliage with narrow bladed leaves, the 6400-11 has a 2 x 6 cmaperture, and measures PAR inside the chamber at the leaf plane.6400-15 Extended Reach 1 cm ChamberThe 6400-15 Extended Reach 1 cm Chamber was designed for measure-ment of small leaves of rosette plants, which are difficult to clamp withconventional chambers. The 6400-15 has clear apertures for natural illu-mination of the top and bottom of the leaf. The aperture is 1.0 cm in diameter and is positioned 8.5 cm away from the main body of the IRGA.This chamber is designed to be used with CO2 concentrations near ambient.Calibration of H2O Gas AnalyzersLI-610 Portable Dew Point Generator The LI-610 is a rugged, portable instrument that provides a stream of gas with a precisely controlled dew point. High accuracyand stability make the LI-610 an ideal water vapor source for calibrating the H2O gas analyzers in the LI-6400XT sensor head.¦ NIST (National Institute of Science and Technology) certified¦ Generates stable dew points from 0 to 50 °C¦ Accuracy of ± 0.2 °C dew point¦ Completely portable and self-contained (battery or AC operated)¦ No need for gas tanks and mixing systems¦ Millivolt output of dew point temperature for data acquisition¦ External control via 0-5 V input signal10Soil CO2 Flux Measurements6400-17 Whole Plant Arabidopsis ChamberThe 6400-17 provides a much larger aperture (7 cm diameter) for meas-urements of entire Arabidopsis rosettes, rather than just the leaves. Chamber air temperature is measured by a thermocouple in the air returnpath, preventing radiant effects from the light source. This thermocoupleplugs into the existing thermocouple block on the LI-6400/6400XT sensor head. The leaf temperature is computed in software using an energy balance approximation. An O-ring sealed top plate with a Propafilm covering is placed over the chamber when making measurements. The O-ring provides a tight seal that eliminates the need for traditional foam gaskets.Because soils or artificial media are present within the chamber volume, CO2 fluxes from the soil can be introduced into the whole plant measurement. A standard peat media mix capped with a heavy claylayer on top suppresses soil respiration. An exhaust tube fitting is also provided that can be used toapply a slight over-pressure within the chamber, which also suppresses CO2 fluxes from the soil.6400-09 Soil CO2 Flux ChamberThe LI-6400XT and 6400-09 address the many challenges of making soilCO2 flux measurements in a variety of ways, including:¦ The chamber concentration is automatically scrubbed to just below an ambient target, and then measured as it rises to slightly above ambient.This maintains the CO2 concentration gradient to within a few ppm ofthe natural, undisturbed value. The flux is computed according to the rateof change of CO2 concentration with time. Automated cycling ensures that CO2 flux measurements areaccurate and repeatable.¦ A pressure equilibration tube is used to eliminate pressure differentials and avoid chamber leaks.¦ Air inside the 6400-09 is thoroughly mixed while maintaining a constant pressure; this, along with awater vapor dilution correction, results in consistently accurate data.2.5" (65 mm) Pot1.5" (38 mm) Cone-tainerInterchangeable chamber bottom plates areprovided for use with readily available 2.5 in.(65 mm) pots or 1.5 in. (38 mm) Cone-tainers. 11Expanded information on the LI-6400XT System is found at www.licor.com/6400XTAccessories6400-70 AC AdapterReplaces one of the 6400-03 RechargeableBatteries in the LI-6400XT console to pro-vide for an AC power supply.6400-19 Custom Chamber KitContains sample cell optical path mount-ing plate and accessories for mountingcustom chambers to the LI-6400XT sensorhead.6400-88 Expanded TemperatureControl KitFor increasing the range of temperaturecontrol of the sensor head block.6400-89 Insect Respiration KitThe 6400-89 Insect Respiration Kit is for LI-6400XT users interested in measuringthe respiration rate of insects, small mam-mals, small fruits, nuts, etc.9964-053 Sample Cell Outlet ManifoldThe Sample Cell Outlet Manifold replacesthe bottom leaf chamber and isolates thesample cell from the leaf chamber so theLI-6400XT can be used as a stand-alonegas analyzer.9964-098 Leg ExtensionsRaises the LI-6400XT console an additional12 inches. Set of four.Fluorescence Adapter ChambersSimultaneous measurements of chloro-phyll fluorescence and gas exchange canbe made with fluorometer adapter cham-ber tops, in conjunction with fiber opticprobes from other manufacturers. Thechamber tops are designed to hold 2 mm, 8 mm, or 10 mm fiber optic probes at a 60° angle from the leaf plane.Light Sources6400-02B Red/Blue LED Light SourceThe 6400-02B is completely integrated with the hardware and software of the LI-6400/6400XT Portable Photosynthesis System, providing maximum ease-of-use and application flexibility. The LED Light Sourcecan produce any light intensity from 0 to 2000 µmol m-2 s-1. The use of LEDs with low power consumption makes the 6400-02B a practicallight source because of its small size and its ability to operate from the LI-6400XT batteries. LEDs also minimize the influence of the lightsource on the leaf environment because they have low heat generation compared to other light sources.The 6400-02B Light Source red LEDs are used to provide radiant output at 665 nm (nominal), while blue LEDs provide output at 470 nm. The output of the blue LEDs is crucial for studyingstomatal kinetics.The 6400-02B replaces the upper half of the standard leaf chamber, and mates with the standard 2 x 3 cm chamber bottom.6400-18 RGB Light SourceThe 6400-18 is designed to be interfaced with the 6400-17 WholePlant Arabidopsis Chamber and other specialized chambers, in-cluding custom chambers. This 7 cm diameter light source fea-tures LEDs with independent control of the intensity and percentof red, green, and blue light. White light can be achieved by usingequal proportions of red, green, and blue. Select any intensity of apre-defined color, or define your own blended color by selectingthe proportion of red, green, and/or blue light to be applied to the sample. The 6400-18 canbe easily configured to emulate the output of the 6400-02B Red/Blue LED Light Source forcomparison studies. The light source intensity can be changed for light response curves, set to match externalPAR sensor readings, or held constant while other environmental conditions are altered.Light and CO2 response curve AutoPrograms are built into OPEN software that can be usedto automatically control and collect data for unattended curves.The 6400-18 mounts easily to the 6400-17; the propafilm-covered plate used with theWhole Plant Arabidopsis Chamber attaches directly to the Light Source. This method of attachment ensures that the geometry between the plant sample and the light source is repeatable for every measurement.12Expanded information on the LI-6400XT System is found at www.licor.com/6400XTThe 6400-40 Leaf Chamber Fluorometer attachesto the LI-6400XT sensor head to form an inte-grated, powerful Portable Fluorescence and GasExchange System. Using the 6400-40, you can:1. Make simultaneous measurements of fluores-cence and gas exchange over the same area ofthe leaf.2. Combine fluorescence and gas exchange datainto a single data set for maximum correlation.3. Create user-defined manual or automatic meas-urement protocols.4. View real-time numeric and graphic data onthe LI-6400XT console and/or your computer.The Leaf Chamber Fluorometer is a pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometer that can beused to take measurements on both dark- and light-adapted samples. Measured parameters includeFo, Fm, F, Fm´, and Fo´, and calculated parameters include Fv, Fv/Fm, Fv´/Fm´, FPSII, qP, qN,NPQ, and ETR. The 6400-40 provides complete control over the actinic and saturation (indepen-dently controlled red 630 nm and blue 470 nm LEDs), measuring (red 630 nm LEDs, modulatedfrom 0.25 to 20 kHz), and far-red (740 nm LED for PSI excitation) light.The unique design of the 6400-40 Leaf Chamber Fluorometer eliminates the need for fragile, awkward fiber optic light guides. The lightweight design and low power consumption of the 6400-40 make it possible for one person to gather data quickly and easily. Calibration informationfor the Leaf Chamber Fluorometer is stored onboard, making it easy to move between different LI-6400XT consoles.Measure Fluorescence and Gas Exchange SimultaneouslyLeaf Chamber Fluorometer80006000250400020000750 500 100 150001250Time (ms) Time (ms)Rectangular Flash(RF)Multiphase Flash(MPF)1 23Rectangular flash (RF) method: a saturating multiturnoverflash (Q) of 400 to 1200 ms duration. Multiphase flash(MPF) method: (1) high, nearly saturating Q for approxi-mately 250 ms to reduce QA-PQ pool; (2) ramp of decliningQ for about 500 ms; (3) return to the initial high Q for approximately 250 ms to check for flash-induced non-photochemical quenching (qN).Fm’ values from phase 2 of the MPF method are regressedagainst 1E4/Q and extrapolated to estimate the maximalfluorescence at infinite flash intensity.Fm'FsFmFoFo'Multiphase Flash™FluorescenceFm’ (maximal fluorescence) is usually meas-ured using a single saturating ‘multiturnover’,or ‘rectangular’ flash (RF) to reduce the QA-PQ pool. Multiturnover means that theprimary acceptor of Photosystem II, QA, is reduced and oxidized multiple times, until thetransport chain of QA to PQ is in a reducedstate.In some cases, however, as with high-lightadapted field plants, it is difficult to achievefull reduction of the QA-PQ pool with the RFmethod. Multiphase Flash™ fluorescence, developed by LI-COR scientists, can be usedunder these conditions to derive true esti-mates of Fm’, FPSII, and ETR within about onesecond. This is included in the LI-6400XTOPEN software, and can be performed withthe Fluorometer. Learn more: Loriaux, S. D., T. J. Avenson, J. M. Welles, D. K. McDermitt, R. D. Eckles, B. Riensche, andB. Genty. 2013. Closing in on maximum yieldof chlorophyll fluorescence using a single mul-tiphase flash of sub-saturating intensity. Plant,Cell & Environment. doi: 10.1111/pce.12115Ordering InformationLI-6400XT: includes system console; Compact Flash Card,and Ethernet adapter; sensor head with CO2 /H2O analyz-ers; standard 6 cm2 leaf chamber with internal PAR sensor;four 6400-03 rechargeable batteries with battery charger; 9-pin to 9-pin RS-232 cable and Serial-USB adapter; CDwith software for Windows® and Macintosh®; LI-6400XTTraining DVD; spares kit; carrying case.Upgrading Older LI-6400sTo protect your investment, LI-COR has made every effortto ensure that your LI-6400 can be upgraded to the currentLI-6400XT configuration. An upgrade package (p/n 6400-926) consists of a new digital board and instrument case thatprovides the access door for the compact flash/Ethernet ex-pansion slot. The upgrade kit can be user or factory installed,and includes the latest instrument software, compact flashcard, Ethernet adapter and cable, and instruction manuals.CO2 AnalyzerType: Absolute, open path, non-dispersive infrared gas analyzerRange: 0-3100 µmol mol-1Bandwidth: 10 HzSignal Noise (precision):1-Second signal averaging at 350 µmol mol-1Peak-to-peak: 0.3 µmol mol-1/0.8 µmol mol-1 maximumRMS: 0.07 µmol mol-14-Second signal averagingPeak-to-peak: 0.2 µmol mol-1RMS: 0.04 µmol mol-1Accuracy: Maximum deviation: ± 5 µmol mol-1 from 0 to 1500 µmol mol-1 ± 10 µmol mol-1 from 1500 to 3000 µmol mol-1Sensor: Solid state. Minimal sensitivity to motionOrientation Sensitivity: = ± 1 µmol mol-1 at 350 µmol mol-1 fromany orientation.H2O AnalyzerType: Absolute, open path, non-dispersive infrared gas analyzerRange: 0-75 mmol mol-1, or 40 °C dew point.Bandwidth: 10 Hz.Signal Noise (precision):1-Second signal averaging at 20 mmol mol-1Peak-to-peak: 0.04 mmol mol-1/0.06 µmol mol-1 maximumRMS: 0.009 mmol mol-14-Second signal averagingPeak-to-peak: 0.03 mmol mol-1RMS: 0.007 mmol mol-1Accuracy: Maximum deviation: ± 1.0 mmol mol-1 from 0-75 mmol mol-1TemperatureOperating Temperature Range: 0 °C to 50 °COptical Housing Block and Air Temperature:Sensor Type: 3-wire thermistorRange: -10 to 50 °CAccuracy: Maximum error < ± 0.5 °CTypical Error: < ± 0.25 °CTemperature Control: Leaf chamber can be heated or cooled ± 6 °C from ambientControl Range: 0 to 50.0 °CSet point Resolution: 0.2 °CLeaf Temperature Thermocouple:Type: ERange: ± 50 °C of referenceReference: Optical housing block thermistorAccuracy: ± 10% of T difference between sample and reference junctions with amplifier zeroed; typically < 0.2 °CAir FlowFlow rate: 0 to 700 µmol s-1 with 6400-01 CO2 injector and 150 to 1000 µmol s-1 without CO2 injectorPressurePressure Range: 65 to 115 kPa absoluteAccuracy: ± 0.1% of full scaleResolution: 0.002 kPaSignal Noise (peak-to-peak): 0.002 kPa typicalSystem ConsoleMemory: 128 MB RAM for operation; 64 MB flash memory for data storageDisplay: Adjustable contrast, backlit, 8 line × 40-character (240 × 64-dot) LCD graphic displayKeyboard: Full ASCII keypad, sealed from dust and moisturewith membrane overlayPower Requirement: 10.5 to 15 VDC; 4A maximum (current drawdependent upon system operation). < 10A momentary peakOutputRS-232: Hardwired DTE. RS-232 to USB adapter includedFormat: User-definable ASCIIExpansion Slot: Supports either Compact Flash or Ethernet card adapterCompact Flash Card: Industrial Grade (included)Ethernet Card Adapter: Type 1 CF Ethernet card, 10/100 Mbps(included)6400-01 CO2 InjectorCO2 Mixing Range: < 50 µmol mol-1 to > 2000 µmol mol-1Operating Temperature Range: 0-50 °CCO2 Source Assembly:Type: 12g pure liquid CO2 cylinderLifetime: 8 hours after activation, regardless of useCO2 Tank Connector Block:Minimum Pressure: 1250 kPa (180 psig)Maximum Pressure: 1500 kPa (220 psig)Usage Rate: constant at ˜10 sccmLight MeasurementPAR Internal and External Chamber Sensors:Range: 0 to > 3000 µmol m-2 s-1.Resolution: < 1 µmol m-2 s-1 .Calibration Accuracy: ± 5% of reading, traceable to NIST.Spare I/O ChannelsInput Channel: five differential analog, two digital, and one pulsecountingDigital Outputs: 8 open drainAnalog Outputs: 7 D/A 8-bit, 1 D/A 12-bit, uncalibrated CO2 and H2O reference and sample analyzer outputs, +5V regulated powersupply (100 ma), battery voltage (fused, 200 ma)LI-6400XT Specifications*LI-6400XTRIncludes LI-6400XT Portable Photosynthesis System, 6400-40 LeafChamber Fluorometer, 6400-01 CO2 Injector System, 6400-02BRed/Blue LED Light Source, and 9901-013 External Quantum Sensor.LI-6400XTFIncludes LI-6400XT Portable Photosynthesis System, 6400-40 LeafChamber Fluorometer, 6400-01 CO2 Injector System, and 9901-013External Quantum Sensor.LI-6400XTPIncludes LI-6400XT Portable Photosynthesis System, 6400-01 CO2 Injector System, 6400-02B Red/Blue LED Light Source, and9901-013 External Quantum Sensor.LI-6400XTQIncludes LI-6400XT Portable Photosynthesis System, 6400-01 CO2 Injector System, and 9901-013 External Quantum Sensor.LI-6400XTAAvailable in North America only. Includes LI-6400XT Portable Photosynthesis System, 6400-01 CO2 Injector System, 9901-013 External Quantum Sensor, 6400-17 Whole Plant Arabidopsis Chamber, 6400-18 RGB Light Source, and 6400-70 AC power supply.LI-6400XTEAvailable in North America only. Includes LI-6400XT Portable Pho-tosynthesis System, 6400-40 Leaf Chamber Fluorometer, 6400-01 CO2Injector System, 6400-02B Red/Blue LED Light Source, 9901-013 Ex-ternal Quantum Sensor, 6400-09 Soil CO2 Flux Chamber, 6400-89 Insect Respiration Kit, 6400-88 Expanded Temperature Control Kit,6400-70 AC Power Supply, 6400R-785 Two-Year Extended Warranty,and 6400-520 Photosynthesis Educational Resource package.6400-40DBXIncludes 6400-40 Leaf Chamber Fluorometer (with spares kit and instruction manual) and the 6400-926 XT upgrade with OPEN 6.Xsoftware.Special Pricing Packages*Specifications subject to change without notice.LI-COR® Biosciences4647 Superior Street • Lincoln, Nebraska 68504 • TEL: +1-402-467-3576 • FAX: +1-402-467-2819envsales@licor.com • envsupport@licor.com • www.licor.com/envServing United States, Canada, and MexicoLI-COR GmbH, Germany • +49 (0) 6172 17 17 771 • envsales-gmbh@licor.com • envsupport-gmbh@licor.comServing Andorra, Albania, Belarus, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania,Liechtenstein, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, San Marino, Ukraine, and Vatican CityLI-COR Ltd, United Kingdom • +44 (0) 1223 422102 • envsales-UK@licor.com • envsupport-UK@licor.comServing UK, Ireland, and Scandinavia LI-COR Distributor Network: www.licor.com/env/distributorsLI-COR is a registered trademark of LI-COR, Inc. All brand and product names are trademarksor registered trademarks of their respective owners. For patent information, visitwww.licor.com/patents © 2013, LI-COR Inc. Printed in the U.S.A.980-06613, Rev. 306/13The LI-COR board of directors would like to take this opportunity to return thanks to God for His merciful providencein allowing LI-COR to develop and commercialize products, through the collective effort of dedicated employees, thatenable the examination of the wonders of His works.“Trust in the LORD with all your heart and do not lean on your own understanding. In all your ways acknowledgeHim, and He will make your paths straight.”—Proverbs 3:5,6